Figure 1 summarizes the operating principle and major components of an IABP system and was used to define the technical scope of the patent search, eligibility screening, and subsequent technology classification. For this study, IABP technology was considered to comprise the balloon; catheter and insertion accessories; drive and pneumatic systems; sensing and triggering components; and timing, monitoring, and safety control functions.

The patent search was conducted in the PatSnap Analytics database (PatSnap Pte Ltd) on August 18, 2026. Patent records published on or before this date were included, with no lower date limit. The search covered all patent authorities, with no restrictions on jurisdiction, applicant, language, or legal status. Published patent applications, granted patents, and utility models were included, whereas design patents were excluded.

The search terms covered current and historical IABP terminology, phases of operation, drive and control components, and relevant International Patent Classification (IPC) codes [10]. The search fields were defined as follows: TACD_ALL searched titles, abstracts, claims, and descriptions; TAC_ALL searched titles, abstracts, and claims; and IPC searched IPC codes. The search modules were combined using OR and executed as a single query. The full search string is shown in Textbox 1.

The search results were collapsed at the PatSnap simple patent family level, and 1 representative record was exported for each family. The exported fields included publication number, application number, title, abstract, claims, applicant, inventor, publication date, filing date, earliest priority date and country, IPC codes, simple patent family ID, and family members.

In R (version 4.4.1; R Foundation for Statistical Computing), publication numbers were converted to uppercase and stripped of spaces and hyphens. Records with identical publication numbers were removed first, followed by a check for duplicate simple patent family IDs. If multiple records remained for the same family, the record with the most complete English title, abstract, and relevant independent claims was retained. Where completeness was equivalent, the record with the earliest publication date was selected. Application numbers were not used as a separate basis for deduplication.

PatSnap simple patent families follow the European Patent Office DOCDB definition [11]. Application publications, grant publications, Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) publications, and national or regional phase records sharing the same simple patent family ID were counted as 1 family. Divisional or continuation applications were grouped with the parent application when they shared the same family ID and counted separately when the IDs differed. PatSnap-assigned simple patent family IDs were used directly; families were not manually merged or split on the basis of application numbers or priority information.

The simple patent family was the unit of analysis. The earliest priority year and priority country were used to describe the origin of each family. Non-English records were not excluded. English titles and abstracts supplied by PatSnap were used where available; records with missing or insufficient English text underwent manual review.

All members of each simple patent family were reviewed by patent type. Families containing at least 1 invention patent application or grant, including mixed families, were retained and counted once, whereas utility-model-only families were excluded. Chinese utility models undergo preliminary examination, whereas invention patents undergo substantive examination.

Two reviewers independently screened the patent families, first by title and abstract and then by the relevant independent claims. When eligibility remained uncertain, the full text and other family members were examined. Disagreements were resolved through discussion. The numbers of included and excluded families and the reasons for exclusion are presented in the patent screening flow diagram.

A patent family was included if its claims covered an IABP or its balloon, catheter, insertion or positioning components, drive or pneumatic system, triggering or timing control, monitoring or safety functions, or IABP-specific accessories. Families were excluded if IABP appeared only in the background section or a list of optional devices, or if the invention primarily concerned general-purpose balloons or catheters, other circulatory support devices, drugs, biomaterials, or clinical management.

Each included patent family was assigned 1 primary technology category and 1 primary functional category. The technology categories were: (1) balloon components, including balloon geometry, membrane materials, dimensions, and related structural designs; (2) catheters and accessories, including catheters, guidewires, sheaths, insertion or positioning devices, tubing, connectors, and valves; (3) counterpulsation timing and control, including drive units, pneumatic circuits, electrocardiogram (ECG)-based or pressure-based triggering, feedback control, and balloon inflation and deflation timing; and (4) other.

The functional categories were: (1) hemodynamic and therapeutic performance, including improvements in diastolic augmentation, coronary perfusion, blood flow, cardiac output, ventricular unloading, or myocardial oxygen demand; (2) control and measurement accuracy, including improvements in signal detection, positioning, triggering, synchronization, timing, calibration, or control precision; (3) safety and reliability, including leak prevention, balloon rupture prevention, alarms, fault detection, secure fixation, and stable operation; (4) reduction of clinical risks and complications, including reductions in thrombosis, bleeding, limb ischemia, infection, embolism, hemolysis, or vascular injury; (5) operational efficiency and ease of use, including structural simplification, reductions in device size or component number, and easier insertion, connection, replacement, maintenance, or operation; and (6) other, including testing, training, and performance evaluation. The operational definitions of the technology and functional categories are provided above. Table 1 summarizes the principal IPC classifications relevant to the 3 main technology categories.

In R version 4.4.1, titles and abstracts were standardized and classified using a prespecified keyword dictionary, regular expressions, and priority and conflict resolution rules. Each family received 1 provisional rule-based technology label and 1 provisional functional label. The rule-based assignments were used only as provisional labels and did not determine the final classifications.

Following provisional rule-based classification, 2 reviewers independently reassessed all included patent families and assigned 1 technology category and 1 functional category to each family. The reviewers were blinded to the provisional rule-based labels and to each other’s assessments. Classification was based on the title, abstract, and relevant independent claims; full texts and other family members were examined when necessary. Disagreements were resolved through discussion to establish consensus labels. The consensus human-assigned labels, rather than unreviewed rule-based labels, were used in all final analyses [12].

Data processing, statistical summaries, and visualization were performed in R version 4.4.1 using the readxl, dplyr, stringr, tidyr, ggplot2, ggrepel, cowplot, ragg, and irr packages. All counts were based on simple patent families.

Temporal and geographical trends were analyzed using the earliest priority year and earliest priority country or region of each simple patent family. Each family was assigned to 1 geographical category only: China, the United States, Japan, Europe, or other countries and regions. Europe included the European Patent Office. Year-region combinations with no records were assigned a value of zero.

On the basis of changes in annual filing volume, technological development was descriptively divided into an embryonic stage (1968-1985), a period of steady development (1986-2012), and a period of rapid development (2013-2026). These periods were used only to describe the results and were not derived from clustering or statistical modeling.

Applicant names were based on the standardized names provided by PatSnap. Obvious name variants belonging to the same legal entity were consolidated after manual verification, whereas parent companies and subsidiaries were generally counted separately. Full counting was used for coapplications: each patent family was counted once for every listed applicant. The 10 applicants with the largest numbers of patent families were reported.

The technology function matrix was constructed by cross-tabulating the final technology and functional categories. The number of patent families in each cell was displayed as a heatmap. No regression analyses or hypothesis tests were performed.

Not applicable. This study was based on patent data and patentometric analysis and did not involve human participants, human tissues, animals, or identifiable personal data.

The patent identification and screening process is summarized in Figure 2. The initial search of the PatSnap Global Patent Database identified 2139 records. After 41 (1.9%) duplicate publication records were removed, 2098 (98.1%) records were screened. Of these, 766 (36.5%) families were excluded during relevance screening, leaving 1332 (63.5%) families. A subsequent family-level patent-type review excluded 97 utility-model-only families, resulting in 1235 (92.7%) simple patent families for the final analysis.

Before consensus, the 2 reviewers independently classified all 1235 patent families. Observed agreement was 84.8% for the technology classification (unweighted Cohen κ=0.77) and 89.2% for the functional classification (κ=0.87). These values represent agreement between the reviewers before discussion. Disagreements were resolved through discussion, and all subsequent analyses used the consensus labels.

The technological life cycle of patents was divided into 3 stages: an embryonic stage, a steady development stage, and a rapid development stage. Figure 3 illustrates the annual trends in simple patent families in the IABP technology field. In 1968, Medical Research and Development (MEDRAD) filed its first patent related to IABP, marking the first documented attempt to place a balloon within the aorta for counterpulsation support. On the basis of changes in annual patenting activity, the technological evolution of IABP can be broadly divided into 3 stages.

First, during the embryonic stage (1968-1985), patent activity remained extremely limited, with fewer than 15 applications filed annually, indicating that the technology was still in a phase dominated by proof-of-concept and preliminary exploratory development. Second, during the steady development stage (1986-2012), the number of simple patent families began to increase gradually, with annual filings generally ranging from 10 to 40, suggesting that the technology was progressively moving beyond early experimental validation toward clinical translation. Finally, during the rapid development stage (2013-2026), the number of simple patent families increased sharply, and annual filings exceeded 50 after 2018, indicating that IABP technology entered a new period of intensified innovation activity. In China, IABP-related simple patent families first appeared in 1986. Annual family counts increased rapidly after 2017, and 55.2% of Chinese families had earliest priority dates within the most recent 5-year period, making China a major contributor to the recent increase in global IABP patenting activity.

The geographical distribution of simple patent families was analyzed according to their earliest priority country or region. As shown in Figure 4, and Multimedia Appendix 1, the United States, China, Japan, and Europe together accounted for 89.1% (1100/1235) of the included families.

The United States, the place of origin of IABP technology, accounted for 40.7% (503/1235) of all simple patent families worldwide, with major applicants including established industry leaders such as Datascope Corporation and Teleflex, including its Arrow business. This distribution reflects the long-standing technological and commercial advantages of incumbent enterprises in this field.

China contributed 326 simple patent families, accounting for 26.4% of the global total. Of these, 55.2% (180/326)had earliest priority dates within the most recent 5-year period, highlighting a pronounced acceleration in innovation activity. The profile of major applicants in China is notably diverse, encompassing enterprises such as Anhui Tongling Bionic Technology Co Ltd; clinical institutions including Fuwai Hospital of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and West China Hospital of Sichuan University; and innovation-oriented companies such as Shanghai NewMed Medical, thereby reflecting a collaborative pattern of innovation spanning industry, academia, and clinical practice [13].

Japan accounted for 17.6% (217/1235) of global simple patent families, with filings concentrated primarily among companies with established strengths in materials science, such as Zeon Corporation, suggesting a comparatively deep accumulation of expertise in balloon-related material technologies.

Although Europe accounted for a relatively small proportion of simple patent families (4.3% (53/1235) of the global total), it remains an important target market and continues to hold strategic value in the international patent landscape of IABP technology.

The technology function matrix showed that patent activity was concentrated on hemodynamic and therapeutic performance, control and measurement accuracy, and operational efficiency and usability (Figure 5). These functions were mainly associated with balloon components and catheters and accessories, whereas fewer patents addressed safety, reliability, and clinical risk reduction.

On the basis of their principal inventive contributions, the patents were organized into 3 core technological directions: balloon components, catheters and accessories, and counterpulsation control (Figure 6).

Patents related to balloon components primarily addressed folding and compression, positioning, and inflation performance.

Prefolding, controlled wrapping around a central support member, removable stylet delivery, and flexible energy-storing supports facilitated percutaneous insertion. Reduced balloon membrane thickness further decreased the wrapped profile and enabled use through smaller-caliber access routes, as shown in US4362150A, US4402307A, and US6213975B1.

Positioning-related patents addressed balloon length selection for patients of different body sizes, positional stability after implantation, and reliable intraoperative localization [14].

Later patents optimized membrane thickness and regional wall thickness distribution to improve inflation-deflation response and durability [15], including JP2022093711A and US5484385A. CN110876673B and CN115282469B proposed dual-balloon configurations and differentiated inflation-deflation strategies for directional or adjustable circulatory support. These configurations remain patent stage concepts rather than established clinical designs.

Patents concerning catheters and accessories focused on reducing device profile while maintaining delivery performance, structural strength, and gas transfer efficiency.

The main approaches included compact folding structures and guidewire-assisted delivery to reduce insertion trauma; kink-resistant shafts and thin-walled, high-strength materials to preserve gas lumen area while reducing external diameter; and co-lumen designs to improve guidewire tracking and gas transfer. Representative patents included US4362150A and US6024693A.

Alternative insertion and vascular access configurations were also described. US6146372A applied percutaneous sheathless insertion to pediatric IABP, whereas US7468050B1 proposed upper-body arterial access for long-term ambulatory support.

Patents related to counterpulsation control focused mainly on sensing and control algorithms.

Sensing-related patents covered electrocardiogram-based R-wave detection, arterial pressure–based dicrotic notch detection, and catheter-tip pressure sensing. US20020072679A1 incorporated a fiber-optic pressure sensor into an IABP catheter for arterial pressure measurement and waveform landmark identification.

Control algorithm patents included fixed timing and adaptive regulation. Two recent patents from Anhui Tongling Bionic Technology Co Ltd addressed electrocardiographic morphology-guided feature point detection and pressure-based adaptive control, respectively: CN119924844A and CN120571149A [16,17]. Patent disclosure alone does not demonstrate clinical adoption or clinical influence.

A smaller group of patents concerned dedicated testing platforms, including mock circulatory loops for evaluating pressure augmentation, inflation-deflation timing, catheter positioning, triggering errors, and device failure modes under reproducible conditions [18].